Mental Ability Grade 8 Foundation Batch

 Mental Ability Grade 8 Foundation Batch Notes

🧠 Mental Ability – 

📘 Chapter 1 Alphabet Test

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✅ What is an Alphabet Test?

An Alphabet Test checks how well you can understand the position and order of letters in the English alphabet.
It involves logic, patterns, and positions of letters (A–Z).

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🔤 English Alphabet Order

There are 26 letters in the English alphabet.

👉 A B C D E F G H I J K L M
👉 N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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🔢 Alphabet Positions

Letter	Position
A	1
B	2
C	3
...	...
M	13
N	14
...	...
Z	26

💡 Tip: Learn positions of A–Z quickly. It helps solve questions faster!

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📘 Types of Questions

1. Finding the Position of a Letter

👉 What is the position of K?
Answer: 11

2. Finding the Letter at a Position

👉 Which letter is at 20th position?
Answer: T

3. Forward and Backward Counting

👉 Which letter is 5th to the right of D?
D = 4 → 4 + 5 = 9 → 9th letter = I

👉 Which letter is 3rd to the left of M?
M = 13 → 13 − 3 = 10 → 10th letter = J

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🔁 Reverse Alphabet

Sometimes questions are based on Z to A order.

Letter	Position from Z
Z	1
Y	2
X	3
...	...
A	26

💡 Example: What is the 5th letter from the right in the reverse alphabet?
Answer: V (Because Z, Y, X, W, V)

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🔄 Letter Series / Coding

Example:

👉 If A = 1, B = 2, then what is the code for CAT?
C = 3, A = 1, T = 20 → Answer = 3 1 20

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📝 Quick Tips

✅ Learn positions of letters
✅ Practice forward/backward counting
✅ Use rough work for reverse alphabet
✅ Stay calm and go step-by-step

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🧩 Practice Questions

1. What is the 8th letter from the left in the alphabet?

2. What is the 6th letter to the right of G?

3. Which letter is 4th to the left of P?

4. What is the position of the letter R?

5. What is the 7th letter from the right in reverse order?

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🧠 Mental Ability – 

📙 Chapter 2 Analogy (Non-Verbal)

📘 What is Non-Verbal Analogy?

• Analogy means similarity or comparison between two things.

• In Non-Verbal Analogy, we compare figures, patterns, or shapes – not words or numbers.

• We find the relationship between two images, and then apply the same relationship to find the missing image.

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🎯 Aim:

To find which image completes the pattern or matches the same relationship.

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🔍 Types of Non-Verbal Analogies:

1. Shape Analogy

• One shape changes into another.

• Example: A circle becomes a square; find what a triangle becomes.

2. Size/Rotation Analogy

• The shape stays the same but size or direction changes.

• Example: A shape gets smaller/larger or rotates.

3. Number of Elements

• Compare the number of shapes, lines, or parts in the image.

• Example: One triangle becomes two triangles; one square becomes?

4. Shading or Pattern

• Compare the shading, dots, lines, or texture in the shape.

• Example: White square → shaded square; circle → ?

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🧩 How to Solve Non-Verbal Analogy Questions:

1. Look at the 1st pair of figures – find what changes (shape, size, rotation, shading).

2. Understand the relationship between them.

3. Apply the same change to the third figure.

4. Choose the correct figure that completes the pattern.

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✅ Quick Tips:

• Observe carefully – small changes matter.

• Practice identifying 1 change at a time: shape, size, direction, number.

• Use elimination – cross out wrong options first.

• Don’t rush – take a few seconds to compare.

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🧠 Example:

Q: Figure A → Figure B : Figure C → ?

Let’s say:

• A is a triangle pointing up.

• B is the same triangle, but pointing down.

• C is a square pointing right.

So the answer is: A square pointing left (same rotation logic).

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📚 Practice is Key!

The more you practice, the faster and sharper you'll get. Try puzzles, worksheets, and past questions!

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🧠 Mental Ability – 

📗 Chapter 3 Verbal Analogy 🧠

✨ What is an Analogy?

An analogy is a comparison between two things that are alike in some way.
In verbal reasoning, it means finding the relationship between a pair of words and applying the same relationship to find the missing word.

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🔍 How Does It Work?

If A is related to B, then C is related to ___?

Example:
Pen : Writer :: Brush : ___
✔ Pen is used by a writer
✔ Brush is used by a painter
Answer: Painter

This is written as:
Pen : Writer :: Brush : Painter

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🔗 Common Types of Analogies

Type of Relationship	Example	Explanation
Synonym (Same meaning)	Big : Large :: Tiny : Small	Both pairs are synonyms
Antonym (Opposites)	Hot : Cold :: Day : Night	Both pairs are opposites
Tool & User	Stethoscope : Doctor :: Chalk : Teacher	Tool used by a person
Function/Use	Knife : Cut :: Pen : Write	What the item is used for
Cause & Effect	Fire : Burn :: Rain : Wet	One causes the other
Object & Group	Fish : Shoal :: Bird : Flock	Group of that object
Part & Whole	Wheel : Car :: Leaf : Tree	Part of a whole thing
Degree/Intensity	Warm : Hot :: Cool : Cold	One is a stronger version

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📝 Tips to Solve Analogy Questions

1. Find the exact relationship between the first pair.

2. Think of a similar pair for the second set.

3. Try making a sentence using the first pair and apply it to the second.

4. Eliminate wrong options if it’s a multiple-choice question.

5. Stay calm and focused!

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✅ Practice Examples

1. Mango : Fruit :: Rose : ___
   ➤ Flower

2. Teacher : School :: Doctor : ___
   ➤ Hospital

3. Bark : Dog :: Roar : ___
   ➤ Lion

4. Hand : Glove :: Foot : ___
   ➤ Sock

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🌟 Remember!

• Analogy is all about thinking clearly and finding connections.

• Practice daily to become faster and sharper!

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🧠 Mental Ability – 

📕 Chapter 4 Arithmetic Reasoning

✅ What is Arithmetic Reasoning?

Arithmetic Reasoning is the ability to solve problems using basic arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It checks your logical thinking + math skills.

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✍️ Common Topics You’ll See:

1. Number Series

2. Coding-Decoding (Number Based)

3. Age Problems

4. Puzzles (Math-based)

5. Time and Work (Simple logic problems)

6. Percentage/Ratio-based Reasoning

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🔢 1. Number Series

What to do?
Find the pattern in the given series and predict the next number.

Examples:

• 2, 4, 6, 8, ? → 10 (Adding 2)

• 5, 10, 20, 40, ? → 80 (Multiplying by 2)

Tips:

• Check for addition, subtraction, multiplication or alternating patterns.

• Look at differences between numbers.

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👤 2. Age Problems

What to do?
Use present, past, or future ages to form simple equations.

Example:

• Rahul is 5 years older than his sister. If his sister is 10, how old is Rahul?
  → 10 + 5 = 15 years

Tips:

• Use "Let the age be x" when unknown.

• Understand the age gap – it stays the same over time.

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🔠 3. Coding – Decoding (Numbers)

What to do?
Decode patterns between letters and numbers.

Example:

• If A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26, what is the code for CAT?
  → C = 3, A = 1, T = 20 → 3 1 20

Tips:

• Know the A-Z number values.

• Sometimes letters are replaced with +1 or -1 codes.

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🧩 4. Puzzle Problems (Math-based)

Example:

• A basket has 5 apples. You take away 2. How many do YOU have?
  → Answer: 2 (You took 2!)

Tips:

• Read carefully. Trick questions test your logic.

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🕓 5. Time & Work Logic

Example:

• If 1 man can do a job in 6 days, how many days will 2 men take?
  → 6 ÷ 2 = 3 days

Tips:

• More workers = less time

• Less workers = more time

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📊 6. Percentages & Ratios in Reasoning

Example:

• 25% of 80 = ? → (25/100) × 80 = 20

Tips:

• Change % into fraction or decimal

• Ratios = compare two numbers (like 2:3)

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🧠 Quick Tricks to Practice:

• Memorize tables up to 20

• Know squares up to 25 and cubes up to 10

• Practice with a timer to build speed + accuracy

• Always check your answer

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📝 Final Tip:

Practice daily! Arithmetic Reasoning becomes easy if you understand patterns and stay alert.

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🧠 Mental Ability – 

📔 Chapter 5 Blood Relations

📌 What Are Blood Relations?

Blood relations refer to the relationships among family members based on birth, marriage, and generation.

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👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Types of Family Members:

1. Direct Relations (by birth):

• Father – Dad

• Mother – Mom

• Son – Male child

• Daughter – Female child

• Brother – Male sibling

• Sister – Female sibling

2. Extended Relations:

• Grandfather – Father’s or Mother’s father

• Grandmother – Father’s or Mother’s mother

• Grandson – Son’s or daughter’s son

• Granddaughter – Son’s or daughter’s daughter

• Uncle – Father’s or Mother’s brother

• Aunt – Father’s or Mother’s sister

• Nephew – Brother’s or sister’s son

• Niece – Brother’s or sister’s daughter

• Cousin – Uncle’s or Aunt’s child

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🧭 Basic Terms to Know:

Term	Meaning
Paternal	Related to father's side
Maternal	Related to mother's side
Sibling	Brother or sister
In-law	Related by marriage (e.g., brother-in-law)

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🧩 How to Solve Blood Relation Questions:

👉 Step-by-step method:

1. Break long sentences into parts.

2. Draw family trees or diagrams.

3. Look for gender clues (he/she, son/daughter, etc.).

4. Use symbols:
   👨 = Male, 👩 = Female
   ⬆ = Parent, ➡ = Sibling, ⬇ = Child

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📘 Example Questions:

🟢 Example 1:

Question: Rahul is the son of Rina. Rina is the daughter of Meena. What is Meena to Rahul?
Solution:
Meena → Rina (daughter) → Rahul (son)
🔹 Meena is Rahul’s grandmother.

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🟢 Example 2:

Question: Pointing to a woman, Rohan said, “She is the wife of my father's only son.” Who is the woman to Rohan?
Solution:
Father's only son = Rohan himself
So, woman = Rohan's wife
🔹 Answer: Wife

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🟢 Example 3 (Trickier):

Question: A is the brother of B. B is the father of C. How is A related to C?
Solution:
B → father of C
A → B’s brother → C’s uncle
🔹 Answer: Uncle

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🛑 Tips to Avoid Mistakes:

• Carefully check male/female clues.

• Don't assume gender unless stated.

• Practice with diagrams.

• Read the whole question slowly!

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📝 Practice:

1. Amit is the father of Neha. Neha is the sister of Rishi. What is Amit to Rishi?

2. Pointing to a photo, Riya says, “He is the only son of my mother's father.” Who is the person?

3. If A is the sister of B, and B is the father of C, how is A related to C?

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📓 Chapter 6

📒 Chapter 7

📚 Chapter 8

📖 Chapter 9

📝 Chapter 10

✒️ Chapter 11

📄 Chapter 12

📃 Chapter 13

📑 Chapter 14

📂 Chapter 15

📁 Chapter 16

🗂️ Chapter 17

📇 Chapter 18

📌 Chapter 19

🌟 Chapter 20